Biosynthesis of Silver and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Moringa oleifera Seed Extractant Their Applications for Water Purification

October 2025 , Pages 765-785

Authors

Payam Bayazeed Hassan Hassan 1 ; Honey Azad Saliha Saliha 1 ; Sanarya Amid Mohammed Mohammed 1 ; Larin Abdalqadir Ahmed Ahmed 1 ; Haider Mousa Hamzah Hamzah 1 ; Samir Mustafa Hamad Hamad 2 ; Rezan Omer Rasheed Rasheed 1

1 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region Iraq

2 Scientific Research Centre, Soran University, Soran, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

DOI logo 10.17656/11776

Keywords

Abstract

Access to safe water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic applications remains a global challenge, with conventional methods often proving inadequate for emerging contaminants and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This research presents a sustainable approach to water purification through the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) using Moringa oleifera seed extract. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). Controlled synthetic water systems were used to test the nanoparticles’ efficacy against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate, and Enterococcus faecalis. The antibacterial activity of Ag NPs (500 µg/mL) was evaluated over various exposure durations (0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes). Residual Ag NPs in treated synthetic water were removed using biosynthesized Fe3O4 NPs (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/mL). The study shows that Ag NPs have a time-dependent, primarily bacteriostatic effect that progressively increases with exposure time against E. coli (ATCC 25922) and E. faecalis ,with inhibition of 59.58% and 94.70%, respectively, while also demonstrating a strong bactericidal effect against both P. aeruginosa strains from the earliest exposure, with inhibition reaching 100%. Furthermore, the synthesized Fe3O4 NPs demonstrated a high capacity to adsorb Ag NPs (94.01% removal efficiency). The results of this study support a dual-function strategy that utilizes nanoparticles synthesized via Moringa oleifera extract, where Ag NPs effectively eliminate pathogens and Fe3O4 NPs subsequently remove AgNP residues. This approach offers a promising, environmentally sustainable solution for comprehensive water purification.

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  • First online20 October 2025
  • Published at20 October 2025

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